AVYAYA (अव्यय): GRAMMAR FOR SANSKRIT & BAMS STUDENTS – ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT
अव्यय
अव्ययः (पुं) – अव्ययं (न) : (न + वि + इन् + अच् ।)
नास्ति व्ययो यस्य |
That which does not undergo any change is Avyaya.
सदृशं त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु सर्वासु च विभक्तिषु।
वचनेषु च सर्वेषु यन्न व्येति तदव्ययम्॥
In Sanskrit, the term “Avyaya” (अव्यय) refers to a grammatical category of words that are indeclinable, meaning they do not undergo inflection or change in form to indicate things like gender, number, case, tense, or mood.
तीनों लिंगों में, सभी विभक्तियों और सभी वचनों में जो समान ही रहता है, रूप में परिवर्तन नहीं होता, वह अव्यय होता है।
Avyaya words are considered immutable and maintain the same form regardless of their grammatical context. They serve various functions in a sentence, including modifying verbs, adjectives, or other nouns, and are often used to convey nuances such as time, negation, emphasis, or affirmation.
अव्यय शब्दों को अपरिवर्तनीय माना जाता है और उनके व्याकरणिक संदर्भ की परवाह किए बिना उनका स्वरूप समान रहता है। वे एक वाक्य में विभिन्न कार्य करते हैं, जिसमें क्रियाओं, विशेषणों या अन्य संज्ञाओं को संशोधित करना शामिल है, और अक्सर समय, निषेध, जोर या पुष्टि जैसी बारीकियों को व्यक्त करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।
Some common examples of Avyaya words in Sanskrit include:
न (na) – a negation marker, similar to “not” in English.
च (ca) – a conjunction meaning “and.”
अपि (api) – meaning “also” or “even.”
हि (hi) – an emphatic particle, often used to emphasize a point.
इति (iti) – meaning “thus” or “in this way.”
तु (tu) – a particle used to indicate contrast or emphasis.
यदि (yadi) – meaning “if.”
किम् (kim) – meaning “what.”
These are just a few examples of Avyaya words, and there are many more in Sanskrit. Avyaya words play a crucial role in sentence construction and help convey the intended meaning and nuances of a sentence or phrase.
EXAMPLES WITH MEANINGS:
अव्यय | English Meaning | Hindi Meaning |
च | and | और |
अपि | also | भी |
खलु | Indeed/definitely | निश्चित रूप से |
हि | Because/Indeed | क्योंकि/निश्चित रूप से |
तु | but | लेकिन |
किल | supposedly | माना जाता है |
ननु | Interrogation/No doubt | इसमें कोई शक नहीं |
वा | Or/Is it? | या/यह है? |
एव | really | वास्तव में |
पुनः | moreover | इसके अतिरिक्त |
विना | without | बिना |
उच्चैः | high | उच्च |
ऋते | except | के अलावा |
एवम् | thus | इस प्रकार |
सह | with | साथ |
सार्धं | with | साथ |
युगपत् | together | एक साथ |
यथा-तथा | For instance…..accordingly | उदाहरण के लिए….. इसलिए |
यावत्-तावत् | Until….so much | जब तक…इतना |
इति | thus | इस प्रकार |
यदा-तदा | When…..then | जब….तब |
यदि-तर्हि | if…then | तो…..अगर |
साकम् | Along with | साथ में |
न | negation | नकार |
कुत्र | Where? | कहाँ? |
कति | How many? | कितने? |
कुतः | From where? | कहां से? |
किमर्थम् | For what purpose? | किस कारण के लिए? |
कियत् | How much? | कितना? |
इह | Here/Now | यहाँ अब |
अत्र | Here | यहाँ |
तत्र | There | वहाँ |
सर्वत्र | Everywhere | हर जगह |
अन्यत्र | Elsewhere | कहीं |
कुत्र | Where? | कहाँ? |
एकत्र | In one place | एक जगह पर |
सदा | Always | हमेशा |
अन्यथा | Otherwise | अन्यथा |
EXAMPLES WITH SENTENCES:
अव्यय | Example | Translation |
च | द्वे त्रीणि च पञ्चभवति| | Two and three equals five. |
अपि | अहम् अपि छात्रः| | I am also a student. |
खलु | इह खलु वैद्यकशास्त्रम् अस्ति। | This is indeed medical science. |
हि | जातस्य हि ध्रुवो मृत्युः| | What is born is indeed subject to death. |
तु | अस्माकं गृहम् तु अस्माभिःनिर्मितम्,न अन्येन। | Our house was built indeed by us, not by someone else. |
किल | इतोऽपि समयः अस्ति किल? | There is still time, isn’t it? |
ननु | ननु त्रयो दोषाः सन्ति…. | No doubt there are three dosha… |
वा | तत्र आसीत् वा? | Was it there? |
एव | वसुधा एव कुटुम्बकम्। | Whole earth is really one family. |
पुनः | अहम् पुनः सूचयिष्यामि। | I will inform again. |
विना | तत् दिनं शीतलम् आसीत् किन्तु विना मेघम्। | That day was cold but without clouds. |
उच्चैः | किञ्चित् उच्चैः वदतु। | Speak slightly louder. |
ऋते | संस्कृतात् ऋते आयुर्वेदस्य मूलार्थः न ज्ञायते। | Without Sanskrit, the meaning of Ayurveda principles can not be understood. |
एवम् | एवं भवतु। | Be it so. |
सह | रामेण सह लक्ष्मणम् आगच्छति। | Along with Rama, Lakshmana comes. |
सार्धं | रामेण सार्धं लक्ष्मणम् आगच्छति। | Along with Rama, Lakshmana comes. |
युगपत् | त्रयोः बालाः युगपत् कोपमापद्यन्ते। | All three boys got angry together. |
यथा-तथा | यथा राजा तथा प्रजा। | Just like the king, the citizen will be. |
यावत्-तावत् | यावत् मेघाः सन्ति, तावत् वर्षा भविष्यति। | Till the presence of clouds, rain will occur till then. |
इति | वायुः पित्तं कफः च इति त्रयो दोषाः समासतः। | In short, vata, pitta and kapha are considered as tridosha. |
यदा-तदा | यदा मम इच्छा भवति तदा अहं कार्य करोमि। | When I get desire, I work at that time. |
यदि-तर्हि | यदि शिक्षकः अस्ति, तर्हि छात्रः उत्तमं पठति। | If the teacher is there, then only the student reads well. |
साकम् | त्वया साकम् अहं गच्छामि। | I am going with you. |
न | मम दोषो नास्ति। | My mistake is not there. |
कुत्र | स कुत्र गच्छति? | Where does he go? |
कति | कति दिनानि सन्ति? | How many days are there? |
कुतः | अभियानार्थं धनं कुतः आगच्छति? | Where does the money for the project come from? |
किमर्थम् | किमर्थं तत् एवं अभवत्? | Why did it happen so? |
कियत् | कियत् कालं तिष्ठति? | How long will you be there? |
इह | इह जन्मे अस्ति। | It is there in this life. |
अत्र | अत्र आगच्छतु। | Come here. |
तत्र | तत्र गच्छतु। | Go there. |
सर्वत्र | आकाशः सर्वत्र अस्ति। | Akasha is there everywhere. |
अन्यत्र | विद्यालयः अन्यत्र अस्ति। | School is there elsewhere. |
कुत्र | रामः कुत्र अस्ति? | Where is Rama? |
एकत्र | वैद्याः एकत्र उपविशन्ति। | Doctors sit in one place. |
सदा | सदाकालं सत्यं वदतु। | Always tell the truth. |
अन्यथा | अन्यथा बहुकष्टम्। | Otherwise, it is very difficult. |