Classical Texts of Ayurveda: A Chronological and Historiographical Review

Abstract

Introduction: Ayurveda possesses one of the oldest continuous medical literary traditions in the world, extending from the Vedic period to the modern era. Over several centuries, numerous treatises, redactions, and commentaries were composed in Sanskrit, reflecting the progressive development of medical concepts, clinical practices, and philosophical foundations. A chronological and historiographical examination of these classical texts is essential to understand the evolution of Ayurvedic knowledge and to identify the original contributors of key doctrines.

Methods: This review is based on a systematic analysis of Ayurveda ka Vaigyanika Itihāsa authored by Ācārya Priyavrata Sharma, a widely accepted reference in Ayurvedic historiography. Information regarding authors, texts, redactions, and commentaries was extracted and reorganized in a century-wise chronological framework. The literature was classified into three major historical phases: Prachīna-kāla (pre-Christian era to 7th century CE), Madhya-kāla (8th–15th century CE), and Ādhunika-kāla (16th–20th century CE). Only Sanskrit texts recognized by Priyavrata Sharma were included to maintain consistency.

Results: The chronological tables generated in this study present a structured overview of nearly two millennia of Ayurvedic literary development. They illustrate the temporal placement of major Saṃhitās, commentaries, Nighaṇṭus, and subject-specific treatises, highlighting the gradual expansion and refinement of Ayurvedic concepts across different historical periods.

Discussion: Although scholarly debates exist regarding the exact dating of several classical texts, the present compilation offers a practical and coherent historiographical framework. It serves as a useful reference for students and researchers and provides a foundation for future comparative historical studies in Ayurveda.